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309S is a free cutting stainless steel containing sulfur, used for the main requirements of free cutting and high surface finish. The 309s is a variant of the lower carbon 309 stainless steel for use where welding is required. The lower carbon content minimizes the carbide precipitated in the heat-affected zone near the weld, which may lead to intergranular corrosion of stainless steel in some environments. 309S Advantage: 309S can withstand repeated heating below 980 ℃, with high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, carburizing resistance. Application: 309s is widely used in boiler, energy (nuclear power, thermal power, fuel cell), industrial furnace, incinerator, heating furnace, chemical industry, petrochemical and other important fields. 309S Chemical Composition: -C≤0.08 -Mn≤2.00 -Si≤1.00 -P≤0.045 -S≤0.030 -Ni≤12.0-15.0 -Cr≤22.0-24.0 Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of iron, chromium and, in some cases, nickel and other metals. Completely and infinitely recyclable, stainless steel is the [green material" par excellence. In fact, within the construction sector, its actual recovery rate is close to 100%. Stainless steel is also environmentally neutral and inert, and its longevity ensures it meets the needs of sustainable construction. Furthermore, it does not leach compounds that could modify its composition when in contact with elements like water. In addition to these environmental benefits, stainless steel is also aesthetically appealing, extremely hygienic, easy to maintain, highly durable and offers a wide variety of aspects. As a result, stainless steel can be found in many everyday objects. It also plays a prominent role in an array of industries, including energy, transportation, building, research, medicine, food and logistics. (by Dana)

What goes down for a long time goes up! Chinese steel prices may usher in the dawn of a rise in May ,2023. According to the last trading day of the steel market in April, the steel billet price fell, it can be predicted that the steel market price during the May Day holiday will still fall in the weak wind and rain. Prices of coking coal and coke plunged in April as domestic transport costs fell. In fact, the average daily production of molten iron at domestic steel mills was close to a record high in April, and the use of coke was large. The main reason for the decline was that the supply side changed from shortage to loose. According to a survey by Zhaogang.com, most construction companies said they will increase their steel purchases in May compared with April, while auto and home appliance companies also saw significant increases in steel purchases.

Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states: -No minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; -The specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40%; -Or the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65%; silicon 0.60%; copper 0.60%. The term carbon steel may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. High carbon steel has many different uses such as milling machines, cutting tools (such as chisels) and high strength wires. These applications require a much finer microstructure, which improves the toughness. Carbon steel is a popular metal choice for knife-making due to its high amount of carbon, giving the blade more edge retention. To make the most out of this type of steel it is very important to heat treat it properly. If not, the knife may end up being brittle, or too soft to hold an edge. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating; however, it becomes less ductile. Regardless of the heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weldability. In carbon steels, the higher carbon content lowers the melting point. (by Dana)

Stainless Steel (Stainless Steel) according to the definition of GB/T20878-2007 is stainless, corrosion resistance as the main characteristics, and the chromium content of at least 10.5%, carbon content of maximum not more than 1.2% steel. Stainless Steel (Stainless Steel) is short for stainless acid-resistant steel, air, steam, water and other weak corrosion medium or stainless steel; And the chemical corrosion resistant medium (acid, alkali, salt and other chemical etching) corrosion of steel called acid resistant steel. Because of the difference between the two in the chemical composition and their corrosion resistance is different, ordinary stainless steel is generally not resistant to the corrosion of chemical media, and acid-resistant steel is generally stainless. The word "stainless steel" does not simply refer to a kind of stainless steel, but means more than one hundred kinds of industrial stainless steel, each stainless steel developed has good performance in its specific application field. The key to success is first to find out the purpose, and then to determine the right kind of steel. There are usually only six types of steel related to the application field of building construction. They all contain 17 to 22 percent chromium, and the better steels also contain nickel. The addition of molybdenum can further improve the corrosion of atmosphere, especially the corrosion resistance of the atmosphere containing chloride. In general, the hardness of stainless steel is higher than that of aluminum alloy, the cost of stainless steel is higher than that of aluminum alloy. Stainless steel is often divided into: martensitic steel, ferritic steel, austenitic steel, austenitic ferritic (two-phase) stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steel, etc. In addition, according to the composition can be divided into: chromium stainless steel, chromium nickel stainless steel and chromium manganese nitrogen stainless steel. There are special stainless steel for pressure vessels "GB24511_2009_ pressure equipment with stainless steel plate and steel belt". Most of the requirements are to maintain the original appearance of the building for a long time. In determining the type of stainless steel to be selected, the main consideration is the required aesthetic standards, the corrosion of the location of the atmosphere and the cleaning system to be used. However, other applications increasingly seek only structural integrity or impermeability. For example, the roofs and side walls of industrial buildings. In these applications, the owner's cost of construction may be more important than aesthetics, even if the surface is not very clean. 304 stainless steel works quite well in dry indoor environments.

The ordinary stainless steel is divided into three types: Austenitic stainless steel, iron type stainless steel, Martensitic stainless steel. On the basis of these three basic metallographic structures, for specific needs and purposes, the two phase steel, precipitation-hardened stainless steel and high alloy steel with iron content less than 50% have been derived. 1, 304 stainless steel. It is one of the most widely used austenitic stainless steel. It is suitable for manufacturing deep drawing parts and acid pipes, containers, structural parts, all kinds of instrument bodies, etc. It can also manufacture non-magnetic and low-temperature equipment and parts. 2. 304L stainless steel. In order to solve the serious intergranular corrosion tendency of 304 stainless steel caused by Cr23C6 precipitation under some conditions, the sensitized state intergranular corrosion resistance of ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel is significantly better than 304 stainless steel. Except for slightly lower strength, other properties of 321 stainless steel, mainly used for corrosion resistant equipment and parts that need to be welded and can not be treated with solid solution, can be used to manufacture all kinds of instrument body, etc. 3, 304H stainless steel. 304 stainless steel internal branch, carbon mass fraction in 0.04%-0.10%, high temperature performance is better than 304 stainless steel. 4, 316 stainless steel. By adding molybdenum to 10Cr18Ni12 steel, the steel has good resistance to reducing medium and point corrosion. In seawater and other media, corrosion resistance is better than 304 stainless steel, mainly used for pitting resistance materials. 5, 316L stainless steel. Ultra-low carbon steel, with good resistance to sensitized intergranular corrosion, suitable for the manufacture of thick section size welded parts and equipment, such as corrosion resistant materials in petrochemical equipment. 6, 316H stainless steel. 316 stainless steel internal branches, carbon mass fraction in 0.04%-0.10%, high temperature performance is better than 316 stainless steel. (By Dana)

Outokumpu, a leading stainless steel manufacturer in Europe based in Finland, reported that its stainless steel deliveries reached 450,000 tons in the fourth quarter of last year, down by 8.4% quarter on quarter and by 18.2% year on year. During the period, realized prices for stainless steel kept at a lower level in Europe and hiked in Americas, but the prices had an overall drop in both markets. In 2022, the company`s stainless steel deliveries totaled around 2.1 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 6.6%. The realized prices for stainless steel during the period were at a higher level in Europe and Americas. However, the profitability in 2022 was negatively affected by sharp price increases for energy and various consumables. Source:From Yieh Corp

The friction coefficient of the skateboard is large, which can effectively prevent the personnel from slipping, so as to protect the personnel from suffering from falls. Divided into ordinary iron plate, stainless steel plate, aluminum plate, aluminum alloy plate, rubber metal mixed plate, etc. Stainless steel anti-slide, with corrosion resistance, wear resistance, not easy to rust and other characteristics, a variety of patterns, strong and durable appearance, long service life; The common hole has a raised herringbone, a raised cross pattern, round, crocodile mouth type anti skateboard, tear type are CNC punching. Stainless steel anti slide production process and general steel plate production is not the same: the first step of hot pressing pattern; The second step CNC punching; The third step is welding and plugging. It is suitable for sewage treatment, tap water, power plant and other industrial outdoor, stair stepping board is also used for mechanical anti-skid and interior decoration anti-skid, wharf, Diaoyutai, workshop, car bottom, cement floor, hotel door, etc. At present, stainless steel anti-skid plate has a lot of different anti-skid design, such as dot lines, linear lines or some other lines and so on, there are strong and weak anti-skid performance, Stainless steel anti-slide selection should also pay attention to the size of the whole plate, because the anti-slide is to use the same specifications for assembly, the benefit of large plate is that its seam is less, more convenient and fast assembly, and the benefit of small plate is that it can deal with a variety of complex ground type.

At New Year and always, may peace and love fill your heart, beauty fill your world, and contentment and joy fill your days. The beginning of the New Year is accompanied by more new projects! Your inquiry is always welcome! (By Dana Zhang)

China is set to shake up the iron ore industry in 2023, with a Beijing-created consortium set to become the biggest buyer of the key ingredient in steel manufacturing as soon as next year. Mining stocks booked losses Friday while steel stocks made some gains amid a broader market sell-off The newly formed China Mineral Resources Group, a state-owned agency, is poised in 2023 to begin buying iron ore for around 20 of the largest steelmakers in China, according to Bloomberg News. China usually buys around two-thirds of the world market's iron ore, but the new agency could give China more collective bargaining power over industry prices and, with China's massive steel markets, could sway global iron ore markets. China Mineral Resources Group has already begun to talk supply contracts with iron ore producing leaders Rio Tinto (RIO), Vale (VALE) and BHP Group (BHP), Bloomberg reported Friday. China's state-owned iron and steel company, Baosteel, the world's largest steel manufacturer, has already allocated purchasing of more than half of its 2023 iron ore imports to China Mineral Resources Group, according to Reuters. The Chinese government set up China Mineral Resources Group during the summer with around $3 billion in capital. Analysts have speculated that China may have formed the agency to challenge how the top iron ore producers control global prices. BHP Group CFO David Lamont this summer said he was not worried about China's state agency managing world prices. "Markets will sort out where prices need to be based on supply and demand," Lamont said during the Australian's Strategic Business Forum in July. Steel Markets And China's Economy The Covid-19 pandemic mangled global supply chains in many industries, including steel. As much of the world slogged through the crisis, demand for steel crashed. Steel demand started to pick up toward the end of 2020. In 2021, U.S. steel prices skyrocketed to all-time highs, moving above $1,900 per short ton in August 2021. Prices fell into a lull early this year. They then surged to around $1,500 per short ton of hot-rolled coil (HRC) in April after Russia invaded Ukraine. Prior to the pandemic, HRC prices ran near $500 per ton. On Friday, benchmark HRC steel futures were around $678 per short ton. China's steel rebar futures were trading at about $573.60 per ton Friday. China stocks, after enjoying a more than monthlong rally, have dropped off as Covid cases in China appear to be increasing rapidly after the country eased its restrictive policies. The eased restrictions on travel and quarantine, combined with reduced tracking ability due to the testing halt, left investors outside of China confused about how to monitor the world's second-largest economy heading toward the Chinese Lunar New Year in January. Analysts are not expecting a quick turnaround for China's post-"zero Covid" economy. Many analysts stress caution, warning that it may take months to see how China's economy and markets respond to eased restrictions, Reuters reported Wednesday.

This year has been another turbulent period for the global stainless steel industry. However, despite the volatile market, companies throughout the supply chain will post strong financial results. In most cases, a proportion of the profits made earlier in the year will survive the change in conditions experienced during the August to December period. Despite the slowdown in activity in the second half of this year, many global market participants remain cautiously optimistic regarding the prospects for 2023. However, most agree that geopolitical and economic issues will continue to pose a downside risk to the sector. Furthermore, destocking activity among distributors and service centres is likely to continue into January, at least. This, combined with reduced demand expectations from the automotive and white goods sectors, is likely to result in tepid buying conditions in the first quarter. Nevertheless, as the end of 2022 approaches, stainless steel prices remain at elevated levels, compared with pre-pandemic values, in all regions. The highest prices across East Asia, this month, are in Japan, where selling values of 304 cold rolled coil have risen by over fifty percent and those of 316 by more than forty percent, since December 2021. South Korean and Taiwanese selling values also remain inflated, despite having dipped in the third quarter. In the US, prices in 2022 have been predominantly driven by the movements in the mills` alloy surcharges. However, when combined with reductions to buyers` discount levels, this has resulted in the US having some of the highest global stainless prices. The 304 flat product surcharge, published by North American Stainless, will rise to US$2950 per tonne in January, while the 316 extra will jump to US$4480 per tonne. This is due to increases in the costs of molybdenum, nickel and ferrous scrap during the reference period. Furthermore, if nickel and molybdenum values were to remain at the same high levels during January, then the US alloy surcharges would increase by a further US$200 and US$300 per tonne, in February, for grades 304 and 316, respectively. The MEPS European average transaction value for 304 cold rolled coil, in December, stands at approximately €3050 per tonne – more than €2000 per tonne less than the price peak recorded in May this year. However, it remains approximately €1000 per tonne higher than pre-pandemic figure of December 2019. Along with those in the US, the European alloy surcharges for type 304 and 316 will be higher in January, but unlike in the North American market, it is likely that these rises will be met with resistance from buyers, owing to weak demand. Source: MEPS

1. Meet the requirements of human health Take a look at the medical equipment, take a look at the high-end tableware, we know that stainless steel is the most safe and sanitary water pipe material, thin wall stainless steel pipe will not cause secondary pollution to the water quality, to meet the national direct drinking water quality standards. 2. It can be 100% recycled Thin-walled stainless steel pipe is a kind of water pipe that can be completely recycled. We don't leave future generations with garbage that we can't deal with. 3. Save water resources The strength of the thin-wall stainless steel pipe material is higher than all the water pipe materials, greatly reducing the possibility of water leakage affected by external force, and saving a lot of water resources. 4, excellent wear and corrosion resistance Stainless steel water pipe can withstand up to 30 meters/second high speed water erosion, stainless steel surface thin and dense chromium rich oxide film makes stainless steel water pipe in all water quality including soft water has good corrosion resistance, even buried use also has excellent corrosion resistance. 5, reduce heat loss The thermal insulation performance of the thin-walled stainless steel pipe is 24 times that of the copper pipe, which greatly saves the geothermal energy loss in hot water transmission. It is so many advantages, stainless steel pipe is becoming a new choice in people's decoration pipe. Stainless steel water pipes have a service life of up to 100 years. According to the relevant regulations of our individual residence, the service life of the residence is 70 years, that is to say, the service life of the stainless steel water pipe can ensure the family use without any maintenance or replacement. Compared with other pipes used more now, this is an incomparable and beyond the advantage. It is this advantage, destined to choose the value of thin wall stainless steel water pipe.

9 December 2022 – Stainless steel pricing has been suspended in parts of Asia due to drastically increased nickel and molybdenum prices. The WTO considers Section 232 tariffs to be irregular – is the climate club coming? Jealousy and protectionism continue to drive up scrap prices. Market sources report that stainless steel pricing has been suspended in China and parts of Asia due to soaring nickel and ferro-molybdenum prices. Background to the price suspension Asian nickel prices on the futures and spot markets are in part above $32,500 per tonne today. Asian buyers were described as bullish, pushing prices up by more than 3% again. Dramatic rise in molybdenum prices However, molybdenum prices in particular are being blamed for this. Molybdenum, which is needed e.g. for stainless steel grades 316/316L, but also for duplex, super duplex and tool steel grades, had risen dramatically in price in recent weeks. Ferro-molybdenum rises to more than $50,000 per tonne After hitting a low in August 2022, the price of the metal had risen dramatically not only in Asia but also on the LME in Europe. And had crossed the important $50,000 per tonne mark yesterday. A tonne of ferro-molybdenum cost about $52,500 in London on Thursday, 8 December 2022, up 11.9% from the previous day. Section 232 will be replaced by the climate club? According to a statement by the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, the World Trade Organisation will find the so-called Section 232 Tariffs, i.e. the punitive tariffs on steel and aluminium imports into the United States, to be non-compliant with WTO rules. The Section 232 Tariffs introduced in 2018 by the Trump administration had contributed to the introduction of the EU Safeguard measure in 2019. Is the US-EU climate club coming now? In recent days, it was revealed that the United States would be working on new climate tariffs on steel and presumably aluminium. This appears to be taking place in cooperation or close consultation with the European Union, suggesting the introduction of a joint climate club. This provides further evidence that until there is a successor to the Section 232 Tariffs or the EU Safeguard measure, both market protection measures will remain in place.

Stainless Steel Hot Rolled No.1 Coil The properties of stainless steel are corrosion resistance, high ductility, attractive appearance and low maintenance. Stainless steel contains chromium which provides the properties of corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Stainless steel can withstand corrosive or chemical environments due to its smooth surface. Stainless steel products are safe for long-term use with excellent resistance of corrosion fatigue. Product Specification and Size : Product Specification and Steel Grade (For Reference) ASTM JIS AISI EN Mill's Standard Grade S30400 S30403 S31603 S43000 S44400 SUS304 - - SUS430 SUS444 304 304L 316L 430 444 14301 1.4307 1.4404 1.4016 1.4521 201 202 204Cu3 Other specifications are also available up to request! Available Size: Width Thickness Inner Diameter Available Steel Grade 610~2000 mm 2.5~10.0 mm 610 +0/-5 mm 201, 202, 304, 304L, 316L Applicatian: Stainless steel has good processing performance and weldability. It is suitable for food processing, storage and transportation, and it can be applied to water heaters, boilers, bathtubs, auto parts (windshield wipers, muffler and molded products), medical equipment, building materials, chemical, food industry, agriculture, marine components, and so on.

12 December 2022 – The US government has rejected the WTO ruling on Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminium. Will the WTO ruling still have an impact? German Finance Minister warns against subsidy race with the United States. And stainless steel prices continue to rise. Impact of higher raw material costs on alloy surcharges expected for January 2023. In this article Steel tariffs: US government opposes WTO decision US government clearly backs steel tariffs Does this decision have an impact on Section 232 tariffs? German Finance Minister warns against excessive subsidies No subsidy race with the United States Federal Minister of Economics wants more subsidies? Corruption scandal shakes European Union Major raw material prices continue to rise Steel tariffs: US government opposes WTO decision Initial reactions by the US government to the World Trade Organisation`s (WTO) decision on punitive steel and aluminium tariffs, but also by powerful American steel lobby groups such as the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), have already shown shortly after the WTO ruling became known that it is meeting with broad opposition in the United States. US government clearly backs steel tariffs [The United States strongly rejects the flawed interpretation and conclusions," said Adam Hodge, spokesman for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. [The United States has held the clear and unequivocal position, for over 70 years, that issues of national security cannot be reviewed in WTO dispute settlement.″ Does this decision have an impact on Section 232 tariffs? Of course it does! The WTO shows once again that it is a toothless tiger. After all, WTO decisions are not binding. And even if the US government were to appeal against the WTO decision on the Section 232 tariffs, this appeal would come before the WTO`s Appellate Body. And would thus be trapped indefinitely in a blocked body that has not been able to reach a decision for three years. German Finance Minister warns against excessive subsidies On the other side of the Atlantic, however, people are trying to warn against excessive subsidies. For example, the German Finance Minister of the current German government, Christian Lindner, FDP. He had warned against an arms race with the United States in the fight for subsidies and demanded that no more public money be put on the table. No subsidy race with the United States We support the position of the German Federal Minister of Finance, as subsidy competition never leads to sustainable economic activity, as can be seen from the example of German or European steel producers. Which, by their own admission, have lost their competitiveness in the last decades despite continuous subsidies. And without billions in taxes, EU funding and hidden subsidies, such as in the free ETS certificates, is unable to keep itself alive. Moreover, this would be further grist to the mill of the Biden administration and the lobby organisations on the us side. Federal Minister of Economics wants more subsidies? If necessary, the decision-making on this issue should be put in the hands of the Federal Minister of Finance, because his colleague from the German Ministry of Economics has already shown, albeit in a veiled way, that he would prefer to rely on further subsidies and thus, in our opinion, has shown no competence whatsoever to be able to make a sustainable and future-oriented decision here. Corruption scandal shakes European Union Decisions at the European level have to be looked at more closely anyway in view of the current scandal surrounding the Vice-President of the EU Parliament Eva Kaili. Major raw material prices continue to rise Looking back at last week, steel scrap and nickel futures made decent gains in the week of 5-9 December. And Chinese spot prices for stainless steel have already risen by more than 2% at the start of the week. This, also in view of the increased molybdenum prices, should definitely have an impact on the upcoming EU alloy surcharges for January 2023.

According to GB/T20878-2007, it is defined as a steel with rust and corrosion resistance as the main characteristics, and the chromium content is at least 10.5%, and the carbon content is not more than 1.2%. Stainless Steel (Stainless Steel) is short for stainless acid resistant steel, air, steam, water and other weak corrosion medium or stainless steel is called stainless steel; And the chemical corrosion resistant medium (acid, alkali, salt and other chemical erosion) corrosion of steel called acid resistant steel. Because of the difference in the chemical composition of the two and their corrosion resistance is different, ordinary stainless steel is generally not resistant to the corrosion of chemical media, and acid-resistant steel is generally rust proof. The word "stainless steel" does not simply refer to a kind of stainless steel, but means more than one hundred kinds of industrial stainless steel, the development of each stainless steel in its specific application field has good performance. The key to success is first to find out the purpose, and then to determine the right type of steel. There are usually only six types of steel related to the application field of building construction. They all contain 17 to 22 percent chromium, and the better steels contain nickel. The addition of molybdenum can further improve the corrosion of atmosphere, especially the corrosion resistance of the atmosphere containing chloride. In general, the hardness of stainless steel is higher than that of aluminum alloy, and the cost of stainless steel is higher than that of aluminum alloy. main feature Folding weldability Different uses of products have different requirements for welding performance. A class of tableware generally do not require welding performance, even including some pot enterprises. But the vast majority of products need raw materials with good welding performance, such as second-class tableware, thermos cup, steel pipe, water heater, water dispenser and so on. Folding corrosion resistance The vast majority of stainless steel products require good corrosion resistance, like a and two types of tableware, kitchenware, water heater, water dispenser, etc., some foreign businessmen also do corrosion resistance tests on products: use NACL solution to heat to boiling, after a period of time to dump the solution, wash and dry, say weight loss, to determine the degree of corrosion (note: when polishing products, Because the emery cloth or sandpaper contains Fe components, it will lead to rust spots on the surface of the test. Folding polishing property In today's society, stainless steel products are generally polished in the production of this process, only a few products such as water heaters, water dispenser, etc., do not need polishing. Therefore, this requires the raw material polishing performance is very good. The main factors that affect the polishing performance are as follows: ① Surface defects of raw materials. Such as scratches, pitting, pickling, etc. ② The problem of raw materials. If the hardness is too low, it is not easy to polish when polishing (BQ property is not good), and if the hardness is too low, the phenomenon of orange peel is easy to appear on the surface when deep drawing, thus affecting the BQ property. BQ with high hardness is relatively good. ③ After deep stretching, small black spots and RIDGING will appear on the surface of the highly deformed area, which will affect the BQ property. Folding heat resistance Heat resistance refers to the high temperature stainless steel can still maintain its excellent physical and mechanical properties. Influence of carbon: Carbon is an element that strongly forms and stabilizes austenite and enlarges the austenite region in austenitic stainless steel. The ability of carbon to form austenite is about 30 times that of nickel. Carbon is a kind of interstitial element, which can significantly improve the strength of austenitic stainless steel by solution strengthening. Carbon can also improve the stress and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel in highly concentrated chlorides (such as 42%MgCl2 boiling solution). However, in austenitic stainless steel, carbon is often regarded as a harmful element. This is mainly because under some conditions of corrosion resistance of stainless steel (such as welding or heating at 450~850℃), carbon can form high-chromium Cr23C6 carbon compounds with chromium in steel, resulting in local chromium dilution, which decreases the corrosion resistance of steel, especially the resistance to intergranular corrosion. So. Since the 60's the new development of chromium nickel austenitic stainless steel is mostly carbon content less than 0.03% or 0.02% ultra-low carbon type, it can be known that with the reduction of carbon content, steel intergranular corrosion sensitivity is reduced, when the carbon content is less than 0.02% to have the most obvious effect, some experiments also pointed out that carbon will increase the point corrosion tendency of chromium austenitic stainless steel. Due to the harmful effect of carbon, not only in the process of austenitic stainless steel smelting should be controlled as low as possible according to the requirements of the carbon content, but also in the subsequent hot, cold processing and heat treatment process in the stainless steel surface carburization, avoid chromium carbide precipitation. Folding corrosion resistance When the number of chromium atoms in steel is not less than 12.5%, the electrode potential of steel can be changed from negative potential to positive electrode potential. Prevent electrochemical corrosion.

Source: Mysteel Nov 28, 2022 Stainless steel Note: 1.Starting August 6 2021, Mysteel has enlarged the survey to include warehouses in Jieyang, Zibo, Shenyang and Xi'an markets in China other than Wuxi and Foshan. 2.Starting January 3 2020, Mysteel has enlarged the number of the warehouses in Wuxi by five to track 90% of the spot stainless stocks in the city, up from the original 80%. The formal release of the new data has commenced on June 1. 3.Starting October 15 2020, Mysteel has enlarged the number of the warehouses in Foshan by one to track 91% of the spot stainless stocks in the city, up from the original 88%. The formal release of the new data has commenced on November 9. Posted by Xiangying Li, lixiangying@mysteel.com

Brief Introduction of Stainless Steel Stainless steel is the name of a high alloy steel used mainly for its anti-corrosion properties. The main characteristic of the stainless steel family is that they all contain a minimum of 10.5 percent of chromium. This enables the steel to withstand corrosive atmospheres or erosive chemical environments. When ordinary carbon steel is exposed to air or water, it corrodes and forms a brown colored iron oxide-commonly called rust, on its surface. They will scale off and eventually the entire piece of steel will corrode and converted to rust. But when enough chromium (more than about 10%) is added to ordinary steel, the oxide on the surface formed will become a very thin, virtually invisible material and protective against wide ranges of corrosive medium. This is what we call stainless steel. There are over 60 different grades of stainless steel that is divided into 5 different categories. Stainless steel is more expensive than carbon and alloy steel and only accounts for a small number of steel used in the global market, but it is non the less a very valuable international market. History of Stainless Steel Sheffield, England born Harry Brearly discovered stainless steel in 1913. In an experiment, he found that steel`s corrosion resistance increased when the chromium content is raised to 12 percent or more. He is seen as the person who laid the foundation for the development of various stainless steel grades. The development of stainless steel almost came to a complete standstill during the First World War. By the late 1920`s it was found that two grades of stainless steel namely martensitic stainless steel and austenitic stainless steel were the most versatile and useful. Martensitic stainless steel has a chromium content of between 13 and 18 percent while austenitic stainless steel contains 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel. In today`s terms stainless steel is used as a generic term to describe corrosion resistant steel that has a minimum chromium capacity of 10.5 percent. The chromium creates a passive and self renewing chromium oxide film around the steel at atomic level and this prevents the iron from rusting. Development of stainless steel still continues today and stainless steel is mainly divided into austenitic, ferritic and martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardening categories. Corrosion of Stainless Steel Stainless steel is susceptible to certain types of corrosion despite the fact that one of the main reasons for using stainless steel is its resistance to corrosion. The different kinds of corrosion affecting stainless steel are: General Corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, sulphide stress corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, galvanic corrosion and contact corrosion. Corrosion in stainless steel occurs when the protective layer of chromium-oxide (Cr2O3) is broken down. This can spread as microscopic or visibly spots over the surface of the steel. Categories of Stainless steel Stainless steel is divided into 5 main categories. These are Austenitic, martensitic, ferritic, duplex and precipitation hardening. 200 Series Austenitic – Alloys: 201, 202, 203, 204 & 205 is a chromium-nickel-manganese alloy with high strength in the annealed. This series is non-magnetic, not heat treatable and has excellent formability for sever forming applications. It is used in structural applications and for the manufacture of washing machine tubs. 300 Series Austenitic – Alloys: 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, 317, 321, 330, 347, 384 is chromium-nickel alloy and its strength is developed by cold working. The series is non-magnetic, not heat treatable and has good formability. By adding molybdenum, the corrosion resistance is increased. It is used in food equipment, chemical equipment and architectural applications. 400 Series Ferritic – Alloys: 405, 409, 429, 430, 434, 436, 442, 446 is straight chromium alloy, magnetic but it is not heat treatable. This series is mainly used for automotive trim and cooking utensils. 400 Series Martensitic – Alloys: 403, 410, 414, 416, 420, 422, 431, 440 is straight chromium alloy, magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment. It is used for fasteners, pump shafts and turbine blades. Precipitation Hardening – Alloys: 13-8, 15-5, 15-7, 17-4, 17-7 is chromium-nickel, martensitic or austenitic. Develop strength by precipitation hardening reaction due to heat treatment. It is mainly used for valves, gears and petro-chemical equipment. Duplex – Alloys: 329, 2205, 2304, 2507, 3RE60 is chromium-nickel-molybdenum. This series is more resistant to stress corrosion cracking than austenitic and it is also tougher than fully ferritic alloys. It is mainly used in doorlines or pressure shafting. Application of Stainless Steel Stainless steel is a very versatile and useful material used in a wide variety of applications. It is used in the following fields: Cutlery and kitchenware Home appliance Chemical processing and oil & gas industries Power generation Food production Architecture, building and construction Medical applications Automotive parts.

Just because two items are made of steel doesn`t necessarily mean they feature the same type of steel. There are many different types of steel, the two most common being stainless steel and carbon steel. While both types may look the same, there are some key nuances distinguishing one from the other. Stainless Steel Also known as inox steel (meaning inoxidizable from the French word inoxydable) stainless steel lives up to its namesake by featuring a high resistance to staining caused by corrosion. Normally, when iron-based metals like steel are exposed to oxygen, they undergo a chemical transformation, known as oxidation, that changes their properties. The iron oxidizes while subsequently turning the otherwise hard iron into a reddish-brown metal (iron oxide). Eventually, the iron oxide will oxidize to the point where it disintegrates completely. Stainless steel is designed to protect against oxidization. It features a minimum chromium content of 10.5% by mass. This is important because chromium, unlike iron, isn`t susceptible to oxidation. Chromium can be exposed to oxygen without developing rust or corrosion, making it an invaluable element in the creation of stainless steel. Stainless steel features a protective layer of chromium that creates a barrier between environmental oxygen and the metal`s iron content which protects it from corrosion. Carbon Steel Carbon steel, on the other hand, is characterized by a high carbon content, usually up to 2.1% of its weight. The American Iron and Steel Institute (ASISI) further defines carbon steel by meeting the following criteria: No minimum content requirement for chromium, cobalt, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or other corrosion-resistant metals. Minimum required copper content must not exceed 0.40%. Maximum content of manganese must not exceed 1.65%. Maximum content of copper must not exceed 0.6% Maximum content of silicon must not exceed 0.6% So, what benefits does carbon steel offer? The use of a high carbon content changes the characteristics of steel. More specifically, it becomes stronger and harder. This is why many swords, knives, and other bladed weapons are produced with high-carbon steel. In feudal Japan, swordsmiths pioneered a special type of high-carbon steel, tamahagane, for use in weapons like the katana. Does carbon steel rust? Yes, carbon steel does rust because it lacks the corrosion-resistant properties of its stainless steel counterpart. Although it`s stronger and more durable than stainless steel, carbon steel may rust and corrode when exposed to moisture. Even small amounts of moisture, including moisture vapor in the air, can cause carbon steel to rust. Furthermore, carbon steel is less ductile than stainless steel. In Short What Is The Difference Between Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel? Stainless steel has a high chromium content which acts as a protective layer against corrosion and rust. Carbon steel is high in carbon that when exposed to moisture can corrode and rust quickly. Stainless steel is is more appealing to the eye and can be use for decorative products. Carbon Steel is stronger and more durable then stainless steel.

In the heat treatment process, the repaired parts must be normalized, and the structural parts that require mechanical properties must be normalized and quenched and tempered to meet the mechanical performance requirements. After normalizing, medium and high alloy steels and large forgings must be tempered at high temperature to eliminate the internal stress generated during normalizing. The annealing treatment of Shandong seamless steel pipe is a heat treatment process in which metals and alloys are heated to an appropriate temperature, kept for a certain period of time, and then slowly cooled. After annealing, the structure of hypoeutectoid steel is ferrite plus lamellar pearlite; eutectoid steel or hypereutectoid steel is granular pearlite. In short, the annealed structure is a structure close to equilibrium. Shandong seamless steel pipe Normalizing is a heat treatment process in which small-diameter thick-walled seamless steel pipes are heated to 45°C above Ac3, kept for an appropriate time, and then cooled in still air. The hypereutectoid steel normalizing heating knife is above Acm, so that all the cementite that was originally networked is dissolved into the austenite, and then cooled at a faster rate to inhibit the precipitation of cementite at the austenite grain boundary. It can eliminate network carbides and improve the structure of hypereutectoid steel. Welding parts that require weld strength are normalized to improve the weld structure and ensure the weld strength. Some small-diameter thick-walled seamless steel pipes undergo partial martensite transformation during forging to form a hard structure. In order to eliminate this kind of undesirable organization, when normalizing is adopted, the normalizing temperature is about 20℃ higher than the normal normalizing temperature by heating and keeping warm. The normalizing process is relatively simple, which is conducive to normalizing using forging waste heat, which can save energy and shorten the production cycle. Improper normalizing process and operation also produce structural defects, similar to annealing, and the remedies are basically the same. Classification of seamless steel pipes: seamless steel pipes are divided into two types: hot-rolled and cold-rolled (dial) seamless steel pipes. Executive standard of seamless steel pipe Seamless steel pipe implementation standard Seamless steel pipe standard Structural steel pipe GB/T8162-99 Petroleum drilling steel pipe YB528-65 Fluid steel pipe GB/T8163-99 Ship steel pipe GB5312-85 medium pressure boiler steel pipe GB/T3087-99 petroleum sleeve steel pipe API5CT Geological drilling steel pipe YB235-70 Automobile half shaft steel pipe GB3088-8 Fertilizer special steel pipe GB6479-86 Hydraulic prop steel pipe GB173-98 Petroleum cracking steel pipe GB9948-88 Pipeline steel ASTMA53B/106B/API 5L B High pressure boiler steel pipe DIN17175 ST45.8-Ⅲ GB5310-95 20G

Seamless steel pipes are divided into the following varieties due to their different uses: GB/T8162-2008 (Seamless steel pipe for structure). Mainly used for general structure and mechanical structure. Its representative materials (brands): carbon steel 20, 45 steel; alloy steel Q345, 20Cr, 40Cr, 20CrMo, 30-35CrMo, 42CrMo, etc. GB/T8163-2008 (Seamless steel pipe for conveying fluid). Mainly used in engineering and large-scale equipment to transport fluid pipelines. The representative material (brand) is 20, Q345, etc. GB3087-2008 (Seamless steel pipes for low and medium pressure boilers). Mainly used in industrial boilers and domestic boilers to transport low and medium pressure fluid pipelines. Representative materials are 10 and 20 steel. GB5310-1995 (Seamless steel tubes for high-pressure boilers). Mainly used for high-temperature and high-pressure conveying fluid headers and pipelines on boilers in power plants and nuclear power plants. Representative materials are 20G, 12Cr1MoVG, 15CrMoG, etc. GB5312-1999 (Carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel seamless steel pipes for ships). Mainly used for I and II pressure pipes for marine boilers and superheaters. Representative materials are 360, 410, 460 steel grades, etc. GB1479-2000 (Seamless steel pipes for high-pressure fertilizer equipment). Mainly used for conveying high temperature and high pressure fluid pipelines on fertilizer equipment. Representative materials are 20, 16Mn, 12CrMo, 12Cr2Mo, etc. GB9948-1988 (Seamless steel pipe for petroleum cracking). Mainly used in boilers, heat exchangers and fluid pipelines of petroleum smelters. Its representative materials are 20, 12CrMo, 1Cr5Mo, 1Cr19Ni11Nb, etc. GB18248-2000 (Seamless steel tubes for gas cylinders). Mainly used to make various gas and hydraulic cylinders. Its representative materials are 37Mn, 34Mn2V, 35CrMo, etc. GB/T17396-1998 (Hot-rolled seamless steel pipe for hydraulic props). Mainly used to make coal mine hydraulic supports, cylinders and columns, and other hydraulic cylinders and columns. Its representative materials are 20, 45, 27SiMn and so on. GB3093-1986 (High-pressure seamless steel pipes for diesel engines). Mainly used for high pressure oil pipe of diesel engine injection system. The steel pipe is generally cold drawn, and its representative material is 20A. GB/T3639-1983 (cold drawn or cold rolled precision seamless steel pipe). It is mainly used for steel pipes for mechanical structures and carbon pressure equipment that require high dimensional accuracy and good surface finish. Its representative materials are 20, 45 steel, etc. GB/T3094-1986 (cold drawn seamless steel pipe special-shaped steel pipe). It is mainly used to make various structural parts and parts, and its materials are high-quality carbon structural steel and low-alloy structural steel. GB/T8713-1988 (Precision inner diameter seamless steel pipe for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders). Mainly used to make cold drawn or cold rolled seamless steel pipes with precise inner diameters for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders. Its representative materials are 20, 45 steel, etc. GB13296-1991 (Stainless steel seamless steel tubes for boilers and heat exchangers). Mainly used in boilers, superheaters, heat exchangers, condensers, catalytic tubes, etc. of chemical enterprises. Used high-temperature, high-pressure, corrosion-resistant steel pipe. Its representative materials are 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, etc. GB/T14975-1994 (Stainless steel seamless steel pipe for structure). It is mainly used for general structure (hotel and restaurant decoration) and mechanical structure of chemical enterprises, which are resistant to atmospheric and acid corrosion and have certain strength steel pipes. Its representative materials are 0-3Cr13, 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, etc. GB/T14976-1994 (Stainless steel seamless steel pipe for fluid transportation). Mainly used for pipelines that transport corrosive media. Representative materials are 0Cr13, 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 0Cr17Ni12Mo2, 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, etc. YB/T5035-1993 (Seamless steel pipes for automobile axle casings). It is mainly used to make high-quality carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel hot-rolled seamless steel pipes for automobile half-axle sleeves and drive axle housing shaft tubes. Its representative materials are 45, 45Mn2, 40Cr, 20CrNi3A, etc.